What is body dysmorphic disorder?
Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is a mental health condition characterized by an obsessive focus on perceived flaws in one's appearance and other body image concerns (Singh & Veale, 2018). These perceived flaws are often minor or invisible to others, but for someone with BDD, this negative body image can cause significant distress and impact daily functioning. Previous research also suggests that BDD can impact males, although not as frequently as it impacts young adult women (Singh & Veale, 2018).
Symptoms of BDD include these behaviors:
- Preoccupation with physical appearance, often focusing on appearance concerns and specific areas such as the skin, hair, or nose.
- Frequent checking of appearance in mirrors or avoiding mirrors altogether.
- Engaging in behaviors to fix or hide the perceived flaw, such as excessive grooming, skin picking, or seeking cosmetic procedures.
- Persistent beliefs that one's appearance is abnormal or unattractive, despite reassurances from others.
The exact cause of this body image problem is unknown, but it is believed to result from genetic, neurobiological, environmental, and psychological factors. Factors that may increase the risk of developing BDD include:
- A family history of BDD or obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).
- Personality traits such as perfectionism.
- Experiences of bullying or teasing related to appearance.
- Exposure to societal pressures or ideals related to beauty and appearance.
BDD can have serious consequences on both mental and physical health. It is associated with high levels of social anxiety, and depression, which can significantly impact a person's well-being. The disorder often leads to social isolation and difficulties in relationships, as individuals may avoid social situations due to their concerns about their appearance. In addition, BDD can impair academic or occupational functioning, making it challenging for individuals to concentrate on tasks or perform well in their studies or jobs. Furthermore, there is an increased risk of suicide among those with BDD, highlighting the importance of early diagnosis and effective treatment.
Mental health professionals diagnose BDD based on specific criteria, including an excessive preoccupation with perceived physical defects and repetitive behaviors related to appearance. A thorough assessment is necessary to differentiate BDD from other disorders, such as OCD or eating disorders, and to determine the severity of the condition.
Mental health practitioners may suggest therapies that can support individuals, such as CBT which helps clients challenge negative predictions about their appearance this improves body image. Other therapies that focus on body functionality may also support individuals.










