Understanding the menstrual cycle
The menstrual cycle is a series of hormonal changes in the female body each month. It usually begins on the first day of the period and lasts 24 to 38 days (Merck Manuals, n.d.), although this can vary from person to person. The cycle is divided into four phases: the menstrual phase, follicular phase, ovulation phase, and luteal phase. These changes prepare the body for pregnancy by thickening the uterus lining and releasing an egg from the ovaries.
Here's an overview of each phase:
- Menstrual phase: This is the first phase of the cycle and usually lasts 3-7 days. During this phase, the body sheds the uterus lining along with blood and tissue, resulting in a period.
- Follicular phase: The follicular phase starts on the first day of your period and ends with ovulation. The pituitary gland releases follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), which stimulates the ovaries to produce an egg.
- Ovulation phase: The ovary releases a mature egg into the fallopian tube, making it available for fertilization. This phase usually occurs around day 14 of a 28-day cycle but can vary from person to person. Ovulation is considered the most fertile phase of the menstrual cycle, and tracking this for pregnancy planning is essential.
- Luteal phase: The luteal phase begins after ovulation and lasts until the start of your next period. The egg travels through the fallopian tube towards the uterus during this stage. If fertilization occurs, the egg will implant itself in the uterus lining, and pregnancy begins. If fertilization does not occur, the uterus lining breaks down, and a new cycle begins.









