Clinical information
Parotiditis (also known as parotitis) is the inflammation and swelling of one or more salivary glands, most commonly the parotid glands, which are located near the jaw and in front of the ears. This condition may be acute or chronic and can result from a range of infections, systemic diseases, or underlying health conditions.
Viral infections are a frequent cause, with mumps being the most well-known viral trigger, especially in unvaccinated individuals. Other viruses that can lead to parotiditis include HIV, herpes simplex virus (HSV), and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). Bacterial infections, such as those caused by Staphylococcus aureus or Escherichia coli, are also common and may occur when salivary flow is reduced or when there is poor oral hygiene.
Patients with a medical history of certain diseases—such as HIV/AIDS, Sjögren’s syndrome, xerostomia (chronic dry mouth), diabetes, or bulimia—are at increased risk of developing parotiditis due to impaired immune function, reduced salivary flow, or repeated vomiting that irritates the salivary glands.
Common symptoms of parotiditis often include dry mouth, facial swelling (especially near the jaw or cheek), pain in the mouth or face, difficulty swallowing or breathing, a persistent foul taste in the mouth, and fever. In some cases, the affected gland may discharge pus into the mouth. These symptoms can overlap with those of other conditions, so careful evaluation is required.
To confirm a diagnosis, the healthcare provider will assess the patient’s history, perform a physical examination, and may order imaging tests such as ultrasound, MRI, or CT scans to evaluate gland structure and detect abscesses or stones. A biopsy or fine needle aspiration may also be conducted to rule out malignancy or confirm chronic infection or autoimmune involvement.
Treatment depends on the cause. Bacterial infections are typically treated with antibiotics, while viral infections are managed supportively with hydration, rest, and symptom relief. Pain relievers, warm compresses, and sialogogues (like lemon water) can help stimulate saliva flow and reduce discomfort.
