CPT code 97140: Manual therapy techniques

What is CPT code 97140?

CPT code 97140 reports that manual therapy techniques are provided to one or more body regions and delivered in 15-minute increments of direct patient care. This manual therapy CPT code encompasses skilled interventions such as myofascial release, soft tissue mobilization, joint mobilization, manual traction, and manual lymphatic drainage. These techniques are designed to improve mobility, relieve pain, enhance circulation, and support function recovery.

This code is commonly used by physical therapists, occupational therapists, chiropractors, and other qualified providers when manual therapy procedures are medically necessary to address impairments in range of motion, soft tissue restrictions, or neuromuscular dysfunction. It may be incorporated into occupational therapy treatment plans to improve functional performance and promote self-management techniques.

CPT code 97140 documentation requirements

Documentation must show that the manual therapy provided was medically necessary, goal-directed, and involved skilled intervention to support clinical necessity and ensure appropriate reimbursement. Required elements include:

• Type of manual therapy provided: Clearly specify the intervention used (e.g., myofascial release, manual traction, lymphatic drainage techniques, or soft tissue mobilization).
• Anatomical area treated: Identify the specific body region addressed (e.g., cervical spine, right shoulder) and link it to the patient’s diagnosis or functional limitation.
• Clinical rationale for manual therapy: Explain the medical necessity, such as restricted mobility, muscle guarding, or lymphedema, and how the manual technique is expected to enhance functional range or reduce pain.
• Time spent in direct contact: Record the exact time (e.g., “15 minutes of one-on-one manual therapy to right shoulder”), as CPT 97140 is time-based and billed in 15-minute units.
• Response to treatment: Note patient outcomes (e.g., decreased muscle tightness, improved active range of motion) to demonstrate effectiveness and support reporting measurable outcome data.
• Integration with broader care plan: Tie the manual therapy to overall therapy goals or occupational therapy treatment plans, showing how it supports improved functional performance or transition to self-management techniques.

CPT code 97140 billing guidelines

Proper billing of manual therapy services using CPT 97140 requires attention to payer-specific rules and avoiding unbundling or duplication. Key points include:

• Bill per 15-minute unit of direct care: Only bill for the actual time spent delivering skilled manual therapy techniques. Do not include time spent on education, modalities, or unrelated services.
• Follow the 8-minute rule: You may bill for one unit of a time-based service like 97140 if at least 8 minutes (but fewer than 23 minutes) of that service were provided. Multiple time-based services may be combined to determine the total units billed if performed in the same visit.
• Do not report 97140 with specific codes on the same region: When billing 97140 alongside other time-based interventions (e.g., therapeutic exercise or neuromuscular re-education), ensure that the services are provided to distinct anatomical areas or use modifier-59 to indicate a separate and distinct procedure if clinically appropriate.
• Manual therapy must require clinical skill: Interventions must involve skilled handling that cannot be replicated by the patient independently. Passive or routine massage without a skilled component does not meet the criteria.
• Link to functional goals: The intervention must aim to improve the patient’s ability to perform daily activities or tasks—e.g., standing, dressing, lifting—highlighting the treatment's functional relevance.
• Provider qualifications: Only licensed physical therapists, occupational therapists, or providers authorized by state law may bill CPT 97140. Services must align with the scope of practice.

Other relevant CPT codes

• 97110: Therapeutic exercises
• 97112: Neuromuscular reeducation
• 97124: Therapeutic massage
• 98940-98942: Chiropractic manipulative treatment
• 97535: Self-care/home management training